Structure

When I was a kid, I had some storybooks. From Ancient Asia to Ancient Greece, they told me many names that seemed unrelated. There was a one-eyed giant, singing mermaids, and soldiers hidden inside a huge wooden horse. Then I started to hear the name Odyssey again and again. I heard it in an antitrust seminar, in a love song, and even in Chinese media. People describe our twenties as an “Odyssey,” a time when we leave home and look for a place to land. ...

I once cried. This year, when I came home for the holidays, I found that I was eager to return to my apartment, where I knew which screw on the twin-size bed was loose. One night, on that bed that no longer squeaked, my mind was filled with clips of text messages, papers, and people’s faces. All of them were calling me to look at them. But the only thing I could hear was the low hum of the refrigerator. ...

In 2009, Jan Koum developed an app intended to make users’ status visible to their contacts. The app was named WhatsApp, a name that sounds like “What’s up?”, a common way people ask about each other’s status. Later, the developers added a messaging function. In the 2010s, the spread of smartphones and mobile internet access allowed people to “connect on the go,”¹ creating the conditions for the rise of Over-The-Top (OTT) mobile messaging services. Unlike traditional Short Message Service (SMS), OTT messaging services generally do not charge a per-message fee and offer enhanced content-sharing features, such as photos, videos, audio files, and GIFs. They also support persistent group chats. These features helped WhatsApp gain widespread popularity and become one of the leading mobile messaging services. ...

On the last day of 2025, I removed half of the accounts I was following on Instagram. About one month before that, on November 18, 2025, the judgment for FTC v. Meta was released. The District Court for the District of Columbia held that Meta is not a monopoly in the market categorized as “Personal Social Networking (PSN).” This ruling reflects a reality where the definition of such a market is becoming obsolete. The court observed a shift from feeds filled with friends’ posts to algorithm-recommended content, which users then share via private messages. ...

Ongoing doctoral research in competition law.

This paper examines the evidentiary structure of antitrust conspiracy claims under Section 1 of the Sherman Act. Written in April 2024. Available upon request.